The late 3rd millennium BC from 2500 BC to 2000 BC was investigated in later periods of antiquity, classical and medieval times, and has been more investigated in modern times, chiefly beginning in the 18th century. With archaeological discoveries in the 19th century, 20th century, and 21st century, knowledge of it has been improving.

Asiatic peoples remained the most important, and Middle Eastern peoples the most prominent of those. In Egypt, the Old kingdom of Egypt in the 5th and 6th dynasties, the first intermediate period, and the Middle kingdom with the 11th dynasty prevailed. Mesopotamian peoples were also prominent, although details are somewhat obscure until I have covered more of the history of Iraq. Hattian and Hurrian peoples were present in what is now Turkey. I have connections to Arabian and Levantine peoples, although not much detail until I get to more specific countries. I have not brought North African and Persian peoples back this far yet.

In South Asia, the Harappan civiliation reached its height in what is now Pakistan. Oriental, Southeast Asian and Oceanic, and Central Asian peoples are not yet closely examined.

European peoples had not developed as much, although among Balkan peoples and specifically Greek peoples, Minoan civilization was present. I only have mention of the peoples of what are now Latin, Northeast European, and Germanic regions.

African peoples can also be considered. East African peoples were the most prominent. Interior East African peoples may have been the most important, but I am still bringing back the history of Sudan from modern times. I don’t yet have details of Northern East African or Central East African peoples. For Western Africa, I am still bringing back Interior West Africa through classical and medieval times. Southern Africa and Central Africa also do not have much detail.

American Indian peoples have limited mention of Middle American Indian peoples, and South American Indian peoples.

Agrarian developments and agrarian society were the most prominent in this century, but I do not yet have details. Pagan religion and Asian religion were predominant. International government began in this period, but national governments can also be traced. Government activity including such things as warfare, diplomacy, and intelligence is applicable, among various peoples, and government structure and law can also be considered. Economic systems, industries, and economic activity can also be traced, and school systems. Families and elements of culture are mentioned, but again, I don’t yet have many details.

The advent of recorded history makes it possible to connect this period to later periods of antiquity, classical and medieval times, and modern history. This was supplemented by archaeology beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the 19th century, 18th century, and 21st century.

Among Asian peoples, numerous cities were founded. Agrarian developments predominated, as institutions developed. culture flourished, and populations grew. Horticultural societies and hunting and gathering societies persisted. The most important were Middle Eastern peoples. In Egypt, the Old Kingdom including the first through fourth dynasties was present. Among Mesopotamian peoples, cities were also founded and developed. Arabian peoples can also be considered. Anatolian peoples were already becoming more important, but need to be brought back. After Middle Eastern peoples, South Asia was becoming more significant. There was more development in what is now Pakistan than in what is now India. Oriental, Southeast Asian, and Central Asian peoples were also developing.

My emphasis shifts in this period, with European peoples getting earlier and greater emphasis than African peoples. Agrarian developments were slower than among Asian peoples. Balkan peoples were probably the most advanced. Greek peoples are still being brought back from later periods, although I have connections to Latin and Northeast European regions.

In Africa, I am still concentrating on Eastern African peoples. Interior East African peoples are the most developed. Sudan is being pulled back through classical and medieval history because it includes ancient Nubia, which has connections to Egypt. Northern East African peoples and Central East African peoples seem to have been less developed. There is also another shift in emphasis, as Western African peoples seem to have advanced more than Southern African peoples. Interior West Africa is being brought back through classical and medieval times.

American Indian peoples are also being considered. Middle American Indian peoples are somewhat connected, and South American Indian peoples are being brought back through later periods.

Elements of social mechanics are being investigated. Particular religions are being considered. Pagan religion predominated. I am considering the beginnings of Asian religion although this is not clearly distinct from pagan religion in this period. International government had not yet developed, although national government had. Early forms of Government activity, government structure, and law are being developed, and economic systems, industries, and economic activity are traceable. I can also begin to identify school systems.

Late prehistory is the name I give to the period from about 8000 BC to 3000 BC. The Pleistocene epoch of geologic history had ended and the Holocene begun. Neanderthals and other early humans were extinct. Studies of this period began in the 19th century, and were extended considerably in the 20th and 21st centuries.

This was the later period of the Stone age, and toward the end of this period, what I call agrarian developments had begun. Throughout this period people began to settle in towns and cities and and shift from hunting and gathering to horticultural and agrarian societies. Modern institutions began to form, and in the last millennium of late prehistory, written history began.

Among the peoples of Asia, Middle eastern peoples were most prominent. In Egypt, this was mostly the predynastic period. Civilization was also developing in Mesopotamia. I have Arabian peoples connected. Levantine and North African peoples still need to be connected to later periods. Civilization was also developing in South Asia. The Orient and Southeast Asia seem to have remained in the Stone age.

Among African peoples, Eastern Africa seems to have remained most prominent. In North Africa, I am still working Ethiopia back through antiquity. The region of Interior West Africa has cultural connections to Egypt, so Central East Africa becomes comparatively less significant. For Southern Africa, South Africa proper is still being connected back through antiquity. Peoples of Western Africa and Central Africa are being mostly held for later development.

European peoples were mostly remaining in the Stone age. Among Balkan peoples, I am still working with connecting Greece, although Latin and Northeast European peoples are also getting some attention. I have not forgotten about American Indian peoples. Middle American peoples seem to be the most important. North American Indian and South American Indian peoples are being brought back through later periods.

During this period, communities in general are being connected to social institutions, although this is not yet applied to specific communities. I am also connecting social mechanics to particular institutions. Social change is being connected to social types and structure, and both agrarian developments and the stone ages are being considered. The leading social types were what I have classified as agrarian, although most of the peoples of the world were in horticultural and hunting and gathering societies. Community and regional structure and class structure can be considered, although I don’t yet have much detail.

Religion was chiefly pagan, and I am looking at the connections with other social institutions. I am also considering various governments. International government had not yet developed, although national governments can be traced this far back into history as in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Basic consideration of economics and school systems is beginning, although I still do not yet have details.

This is roughly the period from 50,000 years BP to about 8000 BC. It is thought that during this period, modern humans were replacing Neanderthal man and expanding into the Americas. This was the latest Ice age. Oceans were at their lowest level, providing for a land bridge between Asia and North America.

In the 19th century, as the field of prehistoric archaeology was beginning to develop, archaeologists and anthropologists were primarily interested in Europe, with some interest in Asia. In the 20th century there was more attention given to African peoples, which has caused some revision of older concepts.

The primary focus of human and cultural development shifted from Africa to Asia. This was still the stone age, but social institutions presumably developed and cultural changes can be traced through artifacts that can be dated to this period. At present, I can most easily follow the Middle East. There are comparatively few developments in Egypt. Although I presume that the Nile river provided a convenient migration route from Africa, there have not been many remains of this period. Arabia and North Africa are still being considered in later periods.

In Africa, I am still concentrating on East Africa, although Northern East Africa takes priority over Central East Africa. I am working here on connecting Ethiopia. Northern East Africa is also being considered. For Southern Africa, I am still working the history of South Africa back through antiquity. For European civilization, I am considereing Balkan and Latin peoples, and bringing back the history of Greek peoples. I am also giving some attention to American Indian peoples.

I still don’t have much detail on the stone ages, although I am giving attention to institutional changes, cultural changes, and demographic changes such as migrations, and cultural innovation. What I term horticultural societies began to develop late in this period, although hunting and gathering societies predominated. Religion was mostly pagan, although I am not yet prepared to discuss details. I can begin to follow government and economics in this period, although the details are still fuzzy.

In order to begin at the beginning, I have been especially interested in the period I call early prehistory. This is a very long period, extending millions of years back into to the past, with an arbitrary cutoff ending at 50,000 years Before Present.

This has connections to prehistoric archaeology, which has developed in the 19th century, 20th century, and 21st century. I principally focus on African peoples, particularly Eastern African peoples, and more particularly on what I call Central East African nations. I have chosen to focus initially on Kenya. I am investigating its history, working backward through modern times, although Northern East African peoples such as those of Ethiopia and Interior East African peoples such as those of Sudan also need to be considered. As the principal alternate to Eastern Africa, I am working on Southern African peoples, and investigating South Africa back through classical and medieval times. The areas I refer to as Western Africa and Central Africa are thought to have been inhabited later.

Asian peoples are better developed in later periods, My primary focus in this period is on peoples of the Middle East. Egypt is best developed, since the Nile River valley seems a migration route for humanity through Interior East Africa, although it seems to have been sparsely inhabited and remains are fairly scanty. At present, I am working on sketching the Arabian peoples back through antiquity, since these are across the Red Sea from Northern Africa and may have been a migration route for humanity. North Africa is another possibility, although at present this is still having its history connected back through classical and medieval history. The peopling of South Asia, Southeast Asian and Oceanic peoples, Oriental peoples, and Central Asia will have to wait until they are better investigated in antiquity.

Western Civilization was only weakly developed in this period. There are signs of human habitation, although at present I am only working with Balkan peoples and connecting Greek peoples through antiquity and classical and medieval history. It is not thought that the Americas were inhabited in early prehistory.

Social changes and movements are for now restricted to Stone age developments. This will be considered in more detail in the future, as will institutional change and cultural change. Religion, government, and economics are being considered. Culture, anthropology, personal studies, and science are mostly being reserved for the future.

I might note that although I accept the Biblical account of human origins, it is not entirely easy to reconcile with modern archaeological or anthropological knowledge. There is not enough detail in the records that have come down to us to say when or where Adam and Eve and their named descendants lived.